Switching Mode Power Supplies

 SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLIES

In this era of modern electronics,you would hardly find any linear shunt regulated power supplies dissipating of much heat !! Instead Switching Power Supplies have been used in almost every thing from your pc power supply to motherboard ,graphics cards as well as your portable phone chargers and other adapters.

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a source, like mains power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size and weight.

The main advantage of this method is greater efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates little power when it is outside of its active region (i.e., when the transistor acts like a switch and either has a negligible voltage drop across it or a negligible current through it). Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of low frequency transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat generation due to higher efficiency.

A 220/110VAC to 5v 0.8A switching regulator schematic

For more info ,view Apple iphone charger circuitry at http://1ooiee.blogspot.com/2013/02/inside-apple-charger.html

Portable Handy Mechanical Charger for Mobile Devices.

The portable handy generator contains a motor with very low gears which when revolved , transfers the mechanical energy to the shaft of the motor ,which produces electric current when revolved within the motor`s internal magnetic field.hence produces power.This electric current is then filtered and smoothened to meet the charging requirements of the mobile device connected to the output.

This device is of very much importance when in remote areas but is nearly useless within your homes.

some of the models of portable mechanical chargers may have piezo electric crystals in place of a motor. 

WIRE CUT Machines (behind technology)

Electric discharge machining (EDM), sometimes colloquially also referred to as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die sinking,wire cut or wire erosion, is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape is obtained using electrical discharges(sparks). Material(metal) is removed from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric liquid(some sort of oil may be) and subject to an electric voltage.

One of the electrodes is called the tool-electrode, or simply the ‘tool’ or ‘electrode’, while the other is called the workpiece-electrode, or ‘workpiece’.
When the distance between the two electrodes is reduced, the intensity of the electric field in the volume between the electrodes becomes greater than the strength of the dielectric (at least in some point(s)), which breaks, allowing current to flow between the two electrodes. This phenomenon is the same as the breakdown of a capacitor . As a result, material is removed from both the electrodes. Once the current flow stops new liquid dielectric is usually conveyed into the inter-electrode volume enabling the solid particles (debris) to be carried away and the insulating properties of the dielectric to be restored. Adding new liquid dielectric in the inter-electrode volume is commonly referred to as flushing. Also, after a current flow, a difference of potential between the two electrodes is restored to what it was before the breakdown, so that a new liquid dielectric breakdown can occur and the process continues.

Such type of wire cut machines are used at various industries.
an Enhanced type of wire cut machines known as CNC(computerized Numeric Control) machines is also found for precise cutting and designing of metallic goods.

  

The Enhanced Hybrid Concept Car

Designed under the observation of 1ooie labs, the car was a model of the enhanced hybrid concept car.
Inspite of running on hybrid fuels , it also harvests energy via thermoelectric slabs via its radiators n also its Kinetic energy restoration system which is termed as KERS.
Hence it was a compact ,environment friendly ( less CO2 emissive ) car and its concept model was accepted and appreciated !!

Inside apple charger (iphone / ipad / ipod)

The apple iphone / ipad / ipod charger is one of the most complex designed mass produced charger having ratings of 5volt and 1ampere and featuring its output via a normal usb port!
The following pictures are of a normal iphone apple charger

The Piezo Electric Device and Power Generation applications

Mainly piezo electric devices are used for measuring force or force related quantities,pressure or acceleration.
Piezo electric devices consists of specific crystals which may be natural (quartz,rochelle salts) or can be synthetic (lithium sulphate, ethylene diammine).
Piezo electric devices are one in which electric potential appears across the surface of the crystal if the dimensions of the crystal are changed by the application of mechanical force.This potential is produced by displacement of charges. This process is also reversible.

For piezo electric power generation,same piezo electric devices are connected in paralled which when under influence of any force would provide power spikes which can be stored in any energy storing device to be used as green power.

The projects which can be based under the cloud of piezo electric device power generation include:
1)piezo electric roads.
2)piezo electric boots/runners.
3)piezo electric tyres.
and there are much things to be brought under the list of piezo electric power generation.